Ceramic Definition and Chemistry

The word ceramic comes from the Greek word keramikos, which means of pottery. While the earliest ceramics were pottery, the term encompasses a large group of materials, including some pure elements. A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic solid, generally based on an oxide, nitride, boride, or carbide, that is fired at a high temperature. Ceramics may be glazed prior to firing to produce a coating that reduces porosity and has a smooth, often colored surface. Many ceramics contain a mixture of ionic and covalent bonds between atoms. The resulting material may be crystalline, semi-crystalline, or vitreous. Amorphous materials with similar composition are generally termed glass. The four main types of ceramics are whitewares, structural ceramics, technical ceramics, and refractories. Whitewares include cookware, pottery, and wall tiles. Structural ceramics include bricks, pipes, roofing tiles, and floor tiles. Technical ceramics are also know as special, fine, advanced, or engineered ceramics. This class includes bearings, special tiles (e.g. spacecraft heat shielding), biomedical implants, ceramic brakes, nuclear fuels, ceramic engines,  and ceramic coatings. Refractories are ceramics used to make crucibles, line kilns, and radiate heat in gas fireplaces. How Ceramics Are Made Raw materials for ceramics include clay, kaolinate, aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, tungsten carbide, and certain pure elements. The raw materials are combined with water to form a mix that can be shaped or molded. Ceramics are difficult to work after they are made, so usually they are shaped into their final desired forms. The form is allowed to dry and is fired in an oven called a kiln. The firing process supplies the energy to form new chemical bonds in the material (vitrification) and sometimes new minerals (e.g., mullite forms from kaolin in the firing of porcelain). Waterproof, decorative, or functional glazes may be added prior to the first firing or may require a subsequent firing (more common). The first firing of a ceramic yields a product called the bisque. The first firing burns off organics and other volatile impurities. The second (or third) firing may be called glazing. Examples and Uses  of Ceramics Pottery, bricks, tiles, earthenware, china, and porcelain are common examples of ceramics. These materials are well-known for use in building, crafting, and art. There are many other ceramic materials: In the past, glass was considered a ceramic, because its an inorganic solid that is fired and treated much like a ceramic. However, because glass is an amorphous solid, glass is usually considered to be a separate material. The ordered internal structure of ceramics plays a large role in their properties.Solid pure silicon and carbon may be considered to be ceramics. In a strict sense, a diamond could be called a ceramic.Silicon carbide and tungsten carbide are technical ceramics that have high abrasion resistance, making them useful for body armor, wear plates for mining, and machine components.Uranium oxide (UO2 is a ceramic used as a nuclear reactor fuel.Zirconia (zirconium dioxide) is used to make ceramic knife blades, gems, fuel cells, and oxygen sensors.Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a semiconductor.Boron oxide is used to make body armor.Bismuth strontium copper oxide and magnesium diboride (MgB2) are superconductors.Steatite (magnesium silicate) is used as an electrical insulator.Barium titanate is used to make heating elements, capacitors, transducers, and data storage elements.Ceramic artifacts are useful in archaeology and paleontology because their chemical composition can be used to identify their origin. This includes not only the composition of clay, but also that of the temper -- the materials added during production and drying. Properties of Ceramics Ceramics include such a wide variety of materials that its difficult to generalize their characteristics. Most ceramics exhibit the following properties: High hardnessUsually brittle, with poor toughnessHigh melting pointChemical resistancePoor electrical and thermal conductivityLow ductilityHigh modulus of elasticityHigh compression strengthOptical transparency to a variety of wavelengths Exceptions include superconducting and piezoelectric ceramics. Related Terms The science of the preparation and characterization of ceramics is called ceramography. Composite materials are made up of more than one class of material, which may include ceramics. Examples of composites include carbon fiber and fiberglass. A cermet is a type of composite material containing ceramic and metal. A glass-ceramic is a noncrystalline material with a ceramic composition. While crystalline ceramics tend to be molded, glass-ceramics form from casting or blowing a melt. Examples of glass-ceramics include glass stove tops and the glass composite used to bind nuclear waste for disposal.

Business Studies - Prelim Study Notes - 1893 Words

Key Terms: * Analyse: identify components and the relationship between them; draw out and relate implications. * Appreciate: make a judgement about the value of. * Assess: make a judgement of value, quality, outcomes, results or size. * Define: state meaning and indentify essential qualities. * Describe: provide characteristics and features. * Determine: make a decision or work out an answer after appropriate thought and investigation. * Discuss: identify issues and provide points for and/or against * Distinguish: recognise or note/indicate as being distinct or different from; to note differences between. * Evaluate: make a judgement based on criteria; determine the value of. * Examine: inquire†¦show more content†¦* Geographic: opportunities for business expansion, sales and profit. * Institutional: government, regulatory bodies and others such as trade unions and employer associations. * Legal: can be time consuming and costly, confusing and contradictory. Many laws apply to busin esses. * Markets: the number of competitors in a particular market. * Political: derive from both state and federal government policies including taxation and the implementation of paid parental leave. * Social: changes in tastes, fashion and culture. Failure to respond to change can threaten stability and viability * Technological: can increase business productivity and communication. Internal: * Business culture: values, ideas, expectations and beliefs shared by the staff and managers of the business. * Location: prime locations = customer convenience + visibility * Management: ability to adapt to changing consumer needs and market conditions. * Product: types of goods and services produced, how created and monitored. * Resource management: employees, knowledge and data requirements, equipment and funds. Stakeholder: any individual or group who has an interest in or is affected by the activities of a business. * Shareholder * Consumer/customer * Manager * Employee * Other businesses * Society * Government * Innovation * Environment * Economy Business Lifecycle: *Show MoreRelatedImpact Of Curricular Activities On Employment Opportunities1746 Words   |  7 PagesTHE IMPACT OF EXTRA CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES ON THE EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES OF GRADUATES INTRODUCTION The literature review highlights key attributes based around labour and graduate market, how graduates adopt into the business environment, through the use of extra curriculum activities. Additionally, examining how the marketing sector has changed over the last 5 years in comparison to the recession. 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Night World Huntress Chapter 5 Free Essays

The boy’s light hair was longish, falling over his forehead in disarray. He had a nice face, serious, but with an unexpected dimple in his chin that gave him a slightly mischievous look. His body was nicely muscled but compact; standing, Jez knew, he’d be no taller than she. We will write a custom essay sample on Night World : Huntress Chapter 5 or any similar topic only for you Order Now There was a large bump coming up on his forehead, just under the falling hair. The ghoul had probably slammed him against something. Jez jumped up and got a blue plastic cup full of water from her nightstand. She grabbed a clean T-shirt from the floor and dipped it into the water, then she gently brushed back the hair from the boy’s forehead. It was silky under her fingers. Even softer than she would have thought. Jez kept her face expressionless and began to wipe his face with the damp cloth. He didn’t stir. Jez’s heart, which was already thumping distinctly, speeded up. She took a deep breath and kept wiping. Finally, although it probably didn’t have anything to do with the water, the boy’s dark eyelashes moved. He coughed, breathed, blinked, and looked at her. Relief spread through Jez. â€Å"Don’t try to sit up yet.† â€Å"That’s what they all say,† he agreed, and sat up. He put a hand to his head and groaned. Jez steadied him. â€Å"I’m fine,† he said. â€Å"Just tell the room to stop moving.† He looked around the room, bunked again and suddenly seemed to focus. He grabbed her arm, his eyes wide. â€Å"Something followed me-â€Å" â€Å"A ghoul. It’s dead.† He let out his breath. Then he smiled wryly. â€Å"You saved my life.† â€Å"And I don’t even charge,† Jez said, embarrassed. â€Å"No, I mean it.† His smile faded and he looked straight at her. â€Å"Thank you.† Jez could feel heat trying to rise to her face, and she had a hard time holding his gaze. His eyes were gray and so intense-fathomless. Her skin was tingling. She looked away and said evenly, â€Å"We should get you to a hospital. You might have a concussion.† â€Å"No. I’m okay. Let me just see if I can stand up.† When she opened her mouth to protest, he added, â€Å"Jez, you don’t know why I’m here. It can’t wait.† He was right; Jez had been so intent on getting him conscious that she hadn’t even wondered what he was doing here. She looked at him for a moment, then nodded. She helped him up, and let go of his arm when she saw he could stand without falling over. â€Å"See, I’m fine.† He took a few steps, then made a circuit of the room, loosening his muscles. Jez watched him narrowly, ready to grab him if he fell. But he walked steadily except for a slight limp. And that wasn’t from his encounter with the ghoul tonight, Jez knew. He’d had the limp from childhood, from when the werewolves took his family. How he’d been able to get over that and join Circle Daybreak, Jez would never know. He’d lost his parents almost as young as she had. He’d lost his two sisters and his brother, too. His entire family had been on a camping trip atLake Tahoe , when in the middle of the night they’d been attacked by a pack of werewolves. Renegade ‘wolves, hunting illegally because Night World law wouldn’t let them kill as often as they liked. Just like Jez’s old gang. The ‘wolves had ripped through theDavis family’s tents and killed the humans, one, two, three. Easy as that. The only one they left alive was seven-year-old Hugh, because he was too little to have much meat on his body. They had just settled down to eat the hearts and livers of their victims, when suddenly the one too little to be worth eating was dashing at them with a homemade torch constructed of kerosene-soaked underwear wrapped around a stick. He was also waving a silver cross on a chain the werewolves had torn from his sister’s neck. Two things werewolves don’t like: silver and fire. The little boy was attacking with both. The ‘wolves decided to kill him. Slowly. They almost did it. They managed to chew one of his legs almost off before a park ranger arrived, attracted by the spreading fire from the dropped torch. The ranger had a gun, and the fire was getting out of control. The ‘wolves left. Hugh almost died of blood loss on the way to the hospital. But he was a tough kid. And a very smart one. He didn’t even try to explain to anybody what he’d been doing with the silver necklace. He knew they would never believe him if he said he’d suddenly remembered a bunch of past lives, including one where he’d seen a werewolf killed. Hugh Davis was an Old Soul. And a wakened Old Soul, which was even more rare. It scared Jez a little. He was human and she was from the Night World, but she didn’t pretend to understand the magic that brought some humans back again and again, reincarnating them in new bodies. Letting them remember all their past lifetimes, making them smarter and more clearheaded every time they were born. In Hugh’s case, also gentler every time. In spite of the attack on his family, when he got out of the hospital the first thing he did was try to find some Night People. He knew they weren’t all bad. He knew some of them would help him stop the werewolves from hurting anyone else. Fortunately, the first people he found were from Circle Daybreak. Circles were witch organizations, but Circle Daybreak was for humans and vampires and shapeshifters and werewolves, too. It was an underground society, as secret within the Night World as the Night World was secret within the human world. It went against the most basic tenets of Night World law: that humans were not to be told about the Night World, and that Night People shouldn’t fall in love with humans. Circle Daybreak was fighting to unite everybody, to stop the killings, and to bring peace between the races. Jez wished them luck. She suddenly realized that Hugh had stopped walking and was looking at her. She blinked and focused, furious with herself for her slip in concentration. As a huntress-of vampires or anything else-you stayed alert all the time, or you were dead. â€Å"You were miles away,† Hugh said softly. His gray eyes were calm but intense as always. That look Old Souls get when they’re reading you, Jez thought. She said, â€Å"Sorry. Um, do you want some ice for that bump?† â€Å"No, I like it. I’m thinking of getting one on the other side, to match.† He sat on the bed, serious again. â€Å"Really, I’ve got some stuff to explain to you, and it’s going to take a while.† Jez didn’t sit. â€Å"Hugh, I think you need it. And I need to take a shower or my aunt will get suspicious about what I’m doing in here for so long. Besides, the smell is driving me crazy.† Although she couldn’t use her vampire powers without bringing on the bloodlust, her senses were still much more acute than a human’s. â€Å"Eau de Ghoul? And I was just starting to enjoy it.† Hugh nodded at her, switching from gentle humor to gentle gravity as always. â€Å"You need to do what will keep your cover here. I shouldn’t be so impatient.† Jez took the fastest shower of her life, then dressed in clean clothes she’d brought to the bathroom. As she returned carrying a glassful of ice from the kitchen and a washcloth, she saw that Claire’s bedroom door was ajar and Claire was watching her narrowly. Jez raised the glass in a mock toast, and slipped into her own bedroom. â€Å"Here.† She made an ice pack and handed it to Hugh. He accepted it docilely. â€Å"Now, what is it that’s so urgent? And how come you’re so popular with ghouls all of a sudden?† Instead of answering, Hugh looked into a middle distance. He was bracing himself for something. Finally he lowered the ice pack and looked straight at her. â€Å"You know I care about you. If anything happened to you, I don’t know what I’d do. And if anything happened because of me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He shook his head. Jez told her heart to get down where it belonged. It was pounding in her throat, choking her. She kept her voice flat as she said, â€Å"Thanks.† Something like hurt flashed in his eyes and was gone instantly. â€Å"You don’t think I mean it.† Jez still spoke flatly, in a clipped, hurried voice. She wasn’t good at talking about emotional stuff. â€Å"Hugh, look. You were my first human friend. When I came to live here, nobody at Circle Daybreak would have anything to do with me. I don’t blame them-not after the things my gang did to humans. But it was hard because they wouldn’t even talk to me, much less trust me, and they wouldn’t believe I wanted to help them. And then you showed up that day after school. And you did talk to me-â€Å" â€Å"And I did trust you,† Hugh said. â€Å"And I still do.† He looked distant again. â€Å"I thought you were the saddest person I’d ever seen, and the most beautiful-and the bravest. I knew you wouldn’t betray Circle Daybreak.† And that’s why I love you, Jez thought before she could stop herself. It was easier to live with if she didn’t put it into words. Because it was hopeless, of course. You couldn’t hang on to an Old Soul. Nobody could-not unless they were one of those tiny fraction of people who were soulmates. Wakened Old Souls were too†¦ old. They knew too much, had seen too much to get attached to any one person. Much less a person who was tainted with vampire blood. So all she said was â€Å"I know. That’s why I work with Circle Daybreak. Because you convinced them I wasn’t some kind of spy for the Night World. I owe you, Hugh. And-I believe you care about me.† Because you care about everybody, she added silently. Hugh nodded, but he didn’t look any happier. â€Å"It’s about something dangerous. Something I don’t want to ask you to do.† He dug into his jeans pocket and came up with a thick packet of what looked like folded newspaper articles. He held it out to her. Jez took it, frowned, then paged through the first few articles. Headlines jumped out at her. â€Å"‘Four-year old dies in coyote attack.’ ‘Record heatwave in Midwest; hundreds hospitalized.’ ‘Mother confesses: I killed my babies.’ ‘Mystery virus erupts in eastern U.S.: Scientists baffled.'† There were lots more, but she didn’t look at them. She looked at Hugh, her eyebrows drawn together. â€Å"Thanks for sharing this. Am I supposed to fight the coyote or the virus?† His lips smiled, but his eyes were bottomless and frighteningly sad. â€Å"Nobody can fight what’s happening-at least not in the ordinary way. And all that’s just the beginning.† â€Å"Of what?† She loved Hugh, but sometimes she wanted to strangle him. Old Souls loved being mysterious. â€Å"Have you noticed the weather lately? It’s either floods or droughts. Record cold days in winter, record heat in the summer. Record number of hurricanes and tornadoes. Record snowfall and hail. It just gets weirder and weirder every year.† â€Å"Well-sure.† Jez shrugged. â€Å"They talk about it on TV all the time. But it doesn’t mean any-â€Å" â€Å"And the earth’s being disturbed, too. Earthquakes. Volcanoes. Last year four dormant volcanoes erupted and there were dozens of major quakes.† Jez narrowed her eyes. â€Å"Okay†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"And there’s another weird thing, even though it’s not as obvious. You have to kind of dig a little to get to the statistics. There’s been an increase in animal attacks all over the world. All kinds of animals.† He tapped the pile of newspaper articles. â€Å"This coyote attack-a couple of years ago you never heard about coyotes killing kids. Just like you never heard of mountain lions attacking adults. But now it’s happening, and it’s happening everywhere.† Prickles of unease were going up Jez’s arms. It was true, what Hugh was saying. Not that she’d paid much attention to the human news when she was a vampire-but it did seem as if animal attacks were getting more frequent. â€Å"A bunch of elephants stomped their trainers last year,† she said slowly. â€Å"Dog attacks are up four hundred percent,† Hugh said. â€Å"According to the California state police. In New Mexico there’s an epidemic of rabid bats. In Florida they’ve had seven tourists killed by alligators since last January-and believe me, that information was hard to find. Nobody wanted to report it† â€Å"I bet.† â€Å"Then there are the insects. We’re seeing more and more people get attacked by them. Killer bees. Fire ants. Tiger mosquitoes-and, no, I’m not joking. They’re for real, and they carry dengue fever, a really nasty disease.† â€Å"Hugh†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Which brings me to diseases. You have to have noticed that. There are new diseases popping up all over. Ebola. Mad cow disease. That flesh-eating bacteria. Hanta viruses. Lassa. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. You bleed from your ears and nose and mouth and into the whites of your eyes-â€Å" Jez opened her mouth to say â€Å"Hugh† again, but he was racing on, his chest rising and falling quickly, his gray eyes almost feverish. â€Å"And they’re resistant to antibiotics the same way that the insects are resistant to pesticides. They’re all mutating. Changing. Getting stronger and more deadly. And-â€Å" â€Å"Hugh.† She got it in while he took a breath. â€Å"-there’s a hole in the ozone.† He looked at her. â€Å"What?† â€Å"What does it all mean?† It means that things are changing. Spiraling out of control. Heading for†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He stopped and looked at her. â€Å"Jez, it’s not those things themselves that are the problem. It’s what’s behind them.† â€Å"And what is behind them?† Hugh said simply, â€Å"The Old Powers are rising.† Chills swept over Jez. The Old Powers. The Ancient Magic that had controlled the universe in the old days of the Night World. No one could see or know the Old Powers; they were forces of nature, not people. And they had been sleeping like giant dragons for thousands of years ever since humans had gained control of the world. If they were waking up again now†¦ If magic was coming back again, everything would change. â€Å"It shows in different weird ways,† Hugh went on. â€Å"Night People are getting more powerful. Lots of them have noticed it. And they say the soulmate principle is back.† The soulmate principle. The idea that for every person there was one destined soulmate, one true love, and that the two souls were bound for eternity. Jez lifted her shoulders and dropped them without meeting Hugh’s eyes. â€Å"Yeah, I heard. Don’t believe it, though.† â€Å"I’ve seen it,† Hugh said, and for a moment Jez’s heart stopped. Then it started again as he continued, â€Å"In other people, I mean. I’ve seen people our age who found their soulmate, and it’s really true; you can see it in their eyes. The Old Powers really are rising, Jez†¦ for good and for evil. That’s what’s behind all these other changes.† Jez sat very still. â€Å"And so what happens if they keep rising?† â€Å"What happens is†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Hugh paused and then looked at her. â€Å"It means a time of darkness is coming,† he said simply. â€Å"A time-?† â€Å"Of serious darkness. The worst. We’re talking the end of the world, here.† Jez could feel gooseflesh on the back of her neck, where her wet hair touched her skin. She might have been tempted to laugh if it were anybody else telling her this. But it was Hugh, and he wasn’t joking. She had no desire to laugh. â€Å"But then it’s all over,† she said. â€Å"There’s nothing we can do. How can anybody stop the end of the world?† â€Å"Well.† He ran a quick hand through his hair, pushing it off his forehead. â€Å"That’s why I’m here. Because I’m hoping you can.† How to cite Night World : Huntress Chapter 5, Essay examples

Fhydy free essay sample

Course Pre-requisites There are no pre-requisites for this course. Goals and Objectives of the Course Introduction to Criminal Justice provides an overview of the three major institutions of criminal justice in the United States. After an introduction to the phenomenon of crime in America, we will spend the majority of time in this course focused on these three major institutions: police, courts, and corrections. The semester will conclude with an introduction to the juvenile justice system in America, which operates separately from the adult criminal justice system. By the end of this course, students should be able to: ; Describe the major trends in crime in the U. S. From 1980 to present Understand the basic functions of the three primary institutions of the criminal justice system ; Understand the various forms of interaction between the institutions Of criminal justice ; Explain the role of discretion in the American criminal justice system ; Explain the differences between the adult criminal justice system and the juvenile justice system ; Identify, understand, and explain the basic functions of the juvenile justice system Course FormatThis course will be taught as a no web component course which means that we will be meeting three times per week in a traditional classroom setting. We will write a custom essay sample on Fhydy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Course Materials Crime Justice in America: An Introduction to Criminal Justice (Second Edition) by Jocosely M. Pollock Anderson Publishing 978-1 -4377-351 2-3 assai ISBN There is a website for this course on Assai. Throughout the semester, the syllabus, students grades, and in-class handouts will be available for downloading and viewing on that site at the following address: http:// www. Thalamus. Due/campus/ Examinations There are a total of five examinations in this course: four mid-term exams and a comprehensive final exam. ; The four mid-term exams, each covering a few weeks worth of material, are worth 30 or 35 points each. ; The final exam is comprehensive and will include material from the entire semester. The final exam is worth 55 points. Make-up Examination Policy Exams can be rescheduled only for extenuating circumstances (e. . , student is hospitalized) and the student must contact Dry. Soon-Managing in advance Of the scheduled exam time. If the student cannot contact Dry. Soon-Managing in errors, the student must send an email to, or leave a piecemeal for, Dry. Soon- Managing prior to the exam. In the rare case that an exam needs to be rescheduled, it must be completed during the scheduled make-up exam period in Week 16 of the semester (December 2, 3, and 4; times to be determined).Course assignments In addition to the four mid-term exams and comprehensive final exam, there will also be 10 quizzes/in-class activities and students will also be graded for attendance/participation. See the attendance policy below. Attendance/Participation Policy There are a total Of 39 class meet nags this semester, not including those tenting in which an exam is taking place. Attendance will be taken on those 39 days, with half of a point (0. 5) awarded for each day that the student is ; In order to be marked present, students must be physically present. Resent when Dry. Soon-Managing takes attendance. If a student is tardy, and misses attendance being called at the start of class, he or she will be marked absent. ; If a student leaves class early without prior approval from Dry. Soon-Managing, he or she will be marked absent. ; Dry. Soon-Managing reserves the right to mark students absent if they are engaging in disruptive or castrating activities, such as testing or using their cell phones for any other purpose.Any student who accepts a phone call during class will be marked ; To be clear: if a student is absent, if a student is not present at the time that attendance is taken, if a student leaves early or if a student does not adequately participate in class because of disruptive/distracting behavior, the student will receive a zero for attendance that day. A total of 19. 5 points are possible (39 days x 0. 5 points = 19. 5 points), but only 18 points will be counted towards the final attendance grade. Thus, students may miss three class periods without penalty.

Bayerische Motoren Werke

Question: German top-of-the-range carmaker BMW said Wednesday it will increase the number of models it builds in China from three to six in the coming years to meet growing demand. BMW currently produces three models in China, the BMW 5 Series sedan, the BMW 3 Series sedan and the BMW X1. However, "we are strengthening our focus on meeting the needs and aspirations of our Chinese customers," said board member Friedrich Eichiner. "This is why we are going to produce even more models specially tailored to the Chinese market. We are going to double our range of locally produced models in the future -- from three to six," Eichiner said. The new models will include "a completely new entry model below the 3 Series" and a variant of the BMW X3 specifically developed for and produced in China. Describe the theory of adaption. How this theory applied in BMW. Answer: About BMW BMW, also known as Bayerische Motoren Werke is one of the most renowned automobile brands in the World. It is a Germany based company with its headquarters in Munich. It manufactures various products like Automobiles, Rolls, Royce, motorcycles, aircraft engines and BMW mini. It has 23 production firms in 12 different countries all over the world. The company is also known for its world,s leading premium manufacturer. The company generates profit of around Euro 5.12 billion (Ciferri, 2015). The competitors of BMW are Mercedes, Hyundai, and Tesla. BMW has invested more than two billion Euros over the past five years, in its Chinese firms and has expressed an optimism of investing in China (The Economic Times, 2015). The general strategy of BMW: In the early stage of BMW, It believed in promoting high profile sports car, branding and super performing engines. For its sustainability the BMW follows premium branding strategy. The generation is changing its course of sustainability everyday to which new mobility solutions is required in every sector. The market has become more consumers oriented and to meet these challenges, BMW formulated its number 1 strategy. The first strategy aligns the company with two targets. To enhance long term values in alteration course and to be more profitable. These two policies both can be applicable to cultural and structural aspect of the Organization (Group, 2015). There has been four pillars to the strategies of BMW, they are: shaping future of the company, access to customers and technology, growth and profitability. The theory of adaptation of BMWs decision of introducing three more models in China is closely related to Market Orientation. Generally Organizations initiates strategic adaptations to achieve competitive advantage. As BMW aspires to meet the aspirations and need of the Chinese customers, therefore it is clear that the Chinese customers are not only satisfied with BMW but the BMW is also generating a good amount of sales revenue in Chinese market. Market orientation: Today market orientation is one of the most common theories that apply in major products. The market is more about customer satisfaction and not just about products (Tracy, 2014). Today huge market research and analysis is done only to under the consumer behavior of a region, a city, a country or globally. Market orientation is conceptualized with the help of three basic dimensions. They are: Interfunctional coordination Competitor orientation And customer orientation. Interfunctional coordination: it is one of the significant roles of market orientation that is effective in getting business purposes marketing related tasks with finance and manufacturing (Kohont and PooÃÅ' r, n.d.). BMW is now deciding to invest more on China and expecting profit through its marketing. Competitor orientation: the competitor orientation refers to the various strategies adapted by BMW to overtake the marketing strategies of its competitors. Customer Orientation: it was after discovering that the Chinese market is appropriate for introducing three more models the BMW decided to launch the idea. BMW firmly believes in strengthening their targets on meeting their customer needs. References BMW, (2008).BMW Product Name History. [online] Motorcycle.com. Available at: https://www.motorcycle.com/events/bmw-product-name-history-86961.html [Accessed 16 Feb. 2015]. Ciferri, L. (2015).Mini expects leaner lineup to boost profits. [online] Automotive News. Available at: https://www.autonews.com/article/20150105/OEM/301059931/mini-expects-leaner-lineup-to-boost-profits [Accessed 16 Feb. 2015]. Group, B. (2015).BMW Group : Company : Company portrait : Strategy. [online] Bmwgroup.com. Available at: https://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/unternehmen/unternehmensprofil/strategie/strategie.html [Accessed 16 Feb. 2015]. Kohont, A. and PooÃÅ' r, J. (n.d.).Market orientation and HRM. The Economic Times, (2015).BMW to double number of models built in China - The Economic Times. [online] Available at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/business/bmw-to-double-number-of-models-built-in-china/articleshow/38494337.cms [Accessed 16 Feb. 2015]. Tracy, B. (2014).Marketing. New York: AMACOM.

The age discrimination in employment act free essay sample

Part 1625 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29, Chapter XIV is the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) specifies that it is unlawful for a covered employer to   discriminate in hiring or in any other way by giving preference because of age between individuals 40 and over. Essentially this act forbids firing, refusing to hire or to promote, or treating an individual differently because of age (Code). Some odd conclusions can be drawn from this peculiarly constructed sentence. The ADEA does not merely forbid giving a preference to an individual under the age of forty over another individual who is forty or over, it prohibits the use of age as a criterion for decision making at all; this includes decisions about two employees or prospective employees aged forty or more. We will write a custom essay sample on The age discrimination in employment act or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Unlike earlier quota type systems that might be satisfied by having a named number or percentage of minority race members, the ADEA forbids choosing between two people both of whom are age forty or more. The ADEA applies to employers with twenty or more employees including federal, state, and local governments, unions, and employment agencies. The law does not protect all jobs. It does not normally apply to police forces and firepersons. The law does not protect elected officials, federal law enforcement officers, and air traffic controllers. Since it deals only with employees, the ADEA does not protect independent contractors. In certain cases jobs that demand by their nature a person of a particular age are not protected either: for example, a movie acting role that requires someone who can convincingly portray an eight-year-old (AARP). The ADEA forbids employers use of advertisements that mention age or that suggest that a particular age is preferable. Employers may not set up age requirements for trainees for job positions to avoid paying for training of someone who may retire within a short period of time. The protects employees or prospective employees who file a complaint asserting age discrimination; employers cannot take action against such people. Under most employment environments employers cannot force a covered employee to retire (AARP), however executives sixty-five years or older who will receive retirements benefits from the company of at least forty thousand dollars a year (Workplace Age). Interestingly, the ADEA lacks a specific prohibition against an employer asking potential employees what their age is, however such questions are subject to scrutiny to make certain the questions were asked for legal purposes instead of for reasons forbidden by the ADEA.

Valence Electron Definition in Chemistry

Valence Electron Definition in Chemistry A valence electron is an electron that is the most likely to be involved in a chemical reaction. They are typically the electrons with the highest value of the principal quantum number, n. Another way to think of valence electrons is that they are the outermost electrons in an atom, so they are the most susceptible to participation in chemical bond formation or ionization. The simplest way to identify the valence electrons is to look for the highest number in the electron configuration of an atom (the principal quantum number). Its worth noting the IUPAC definition of valence is for the single highest valence value that is displayed by an atom of an element. However, in practical use, main group elements of the periodic table may display any valence from 1 to 7 (since 8 is a complete octet). Most elements have preferred values of valence electrons. The alkali metals, for example, almost always display a valence of 1. The alkaline earths tend to display a valence of 2. The halogens usually have a valence of 1, yet may sometimes display a valence of 7. The transition metals may display a range of valence values because the highest energy electron subshell is only partially filled. Those atoms become more stable by emptying the shell, half-filling it, or completely filling it. Examples Magnesiums ground state electron configuration is 1s22s2p63s2, the valence electrons would be the 3s electrons because 3 is the highest principal quantum number.Bromines ground state electron configuration is 1s22s2p63s2p6d104s2p5, the valence electrons would be the 4s and 4p electrons.